When the air turns toxic: Diwali pollution puts pregnant women and respiratory patients at risk

As the festival of lights brightens up the country, the rising air and noise pollution levels during Diwali continue to dim the health prospects of many. Doctors warn that the toxic mix of smoke, particulate matter, and gases released from firecrackers can severely impact vulnerable groups such as pregnant women, children, asthma patients and those with pre-existing heart or lung conditions.

Risks for pregnant women and unborn babies

Gynaecologists caution that pollution during Diwali poses hidden risks for expectant mothers and their unborn babies.

According to Dr. Manini Patel, Senior Consultant – Obstetrics and Gynecology, Apollo Spectra Hospital, Jaipur, high levels of air pollution during Diwali expose pregnant women to harmful particles that can penetrate the placental barrier and interfere with the development of the foetus.

“Long-term exposure also increases the risk of premature birth, low birth weight, and restricted fetal growth,” Dr. Patel said. “Pollution can cause oxidative stress and reduce the oxygen supply to the baby. For expectant mothers, inhaling polluted air can worsen respiratory issues, cause fatigue, headaches, or even raise blood pressure. The combination of festive smoke and cold air makes this time of year particularly concerning for maternal and fetal health.”

She advised pregnant women to limit outdoor exposure during and after firecracker hours, keep windows closed, and use air purifiers indoors. “Wearing N95 masks outdoors, staying hydrated, eating antioxidant-rich foods, and practicing gentle indoor breathing exercises can help reduce oxidative stress,” Dr. Patel added. “Expectant mothers should avoid nighttime celebrations and seek prompt medical care in case of breathlessness or dizziness.”

Heart patients and the stress of noise pollution

Cardiologists warn that the combined effect of air and noise pollution can trigger health complications among heart patients and the elderly.

The harmful effects of air and noise pollution are particularly dangerous for individuals with hypertension or cardiovascular diseases, said Dr. Mahadev Swamy B, Consultant – Interventional Cardiology, SPARSH Hospital, Hennur Road, Bangalore.

“During Diwali, the air is filled with fine dust, smoke, and gases from firecrackers, which increase inflammation and strain the heart,” Dr. Swamy explained. “People with high blood pressure, heart disease, or a history of cardiac problems are especially sensitive. Breathing polluted air can raise blood pressure, cause irregular heartbeats, or even trigger heart attacks.”

He noted that cold weather combined with pollution tightens blood vessels, further increasing cardiac stress. The loud noise from firecrackers adds to the danger. “Sudden or continuous loud sounds cause the body to release stress hormones like adrenaline, which raise blood pressure and heart rate,” he said. “This can lead to anxiety, disturbed sleep, or palpitations. Heart patients should stay indoors during peak firecracker hours, use earplugs if necessary, and maintain a calm environment.”

Children’s developing lungs more vulnerable

Children are among the most affected during Diwali as their lungs are still developing, said Dr. Sandeep Katiyar, Senior Consultant – Pulmonology, Apollo Spectra Hospital, Kanpur.

“Children breathe faster than adults and inhale more polluted air relative to their body weight,” Dr. Katiyar said. “Their immune systems are less equipped to handle toxins such as PM2.5, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides, which can irritate the airways and cause coughing, wheezing, or asthma attacks.”

He advised parents to watch for early warning signs including persistent coughing, nasal congestion, watery eyes, and fatigue. “If a child experiences difficulty in breathing, chest tightness, or bluish lips, immediate medical attention is crucial,” he said. “Parents should ensure children stay indoors during peak hours, keep them well hydrated, and avoid outdoor play until air quality improves.”

Asthma patients struggle to breathe

According to pulmonologists, firecracker smoke releases high concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), sulfur dioxide, and heavy metals that linger in the atmosphere for days.

For individuals with asthma, chronic bronchitis, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Diwali can trigger severe respiratory distress, warned Dr. Aamir Nadeem, Consultant – Pulmonology, Regency Hospital, Gorakhpur.

“The smoke and fine particulate matter from firecrackers increase airway inflammation and interfere with oxygen exchange,” Dr. Nadeem explained. “This aggravates conditions like asthma and COPD, leading to breathlessness, coughing, and acute flare-ups. The cold weather and smog further trap pollutants, prolonging harmful respiratory effects.”

He advised patients to begin preventive care well before the festival. “Use prescribed inhalers regularly, stay indoors during peak firecracker hours, and keep windows closed. Wearing N95 masks and using air purifiers indoors can reduce exposure,” he said. “Maintaining hydration, nasal hygiene, and consulting a pulmonologist for personalized preventive measures are essential during this season.”

A festival of light, not smoke

Doctors unanimously urge people to celebrate Diwali responsibly — lighting diyas and sharing sweets instead of crackers. The joy of the festival, they say, should not come at the cost of public health.

While individual precautions are vital, doctors emphasize that tackling Diwali pollution requires broader community awareness. Limiting firecracker use, promoting eco-friendly celebrations, and monitoring local air quality can help protect vulnerable populations.

“Festivity should never come at the cost of health,” Dr. Patel summed up. “Celebrating responsibly ensures that the festival of lights remains a time of joy, not a trigger for medical emergencies.”