Trump returns to presidency: What's in store for the American economy?

Donald Trump’s victory in the 2024 US presidential election is likely to usher in a raft of economic changes at home and abroad, touching everything from foreign trade to the independence of the US central bank.

He will reap the benefits of an economy that is in good shape, with strong growth, low unemployment, and inflation that is rapidly approaching the Federal Reserve’s long-term two per cent target after years of higher interest rates.

Yet his victory came as voters have expressed dissatisfaction with the cost of living as a result of a post-pandemic surge in inflation that pushed consumer prices up by more than 20 per cent.

While many of the incoming Republican president’s proposals will ultimately live or die in Congress - which controls the purse strings of the world’s largest economy - there is still a significant amount he can do to shape economic policy.

Tariffs and trade 

On the campaign trail, Trump said he would put in place across-the-board import tariffs of between 10 and 20 percent in a bid to raise revenues, protect domestic industries, and bring jobs back to the United States.

He has also threatened to impose a 60 per cent tariff on Chinese goods, and even floated a 200 per cent-plus levy on cars made in Mexico.

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“To me ’tariff’ is a very beautiful word,” he said in a recent Fox News interview. “It’s a word that’s going to make our country rich again”.

Trump “has made no mystery of the fact that he’s deeply enamored with tariffs as a policy tool,” Kimberly Clausing, a non-resident senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE) told AFP on Tuesday, adding she thought he would put in place large tariffs if elected.

If enacted, these policies will undoubtedly have a significant impact on US and international trade, rerouting the flow of goods and reshaping international economic ties.

But while they may raise some revenues, they will also hit US businesses and consumers hard, according to a recent paper by the Tax Foundation nonprofit.

If imposed, Trump’s proposed tariff increases would raise taxes on businesses by another $524 billion annually, shrink GDP by at least 0.8 per cent, and reduce employment by close to 700,000 full-time equivalent jobs, the researchers estimated.

“I think it’s just sort of a very quick way to shoot the US economy in the foot, if not the leg,” said Clausing, a former deputy assistant secretary for Tax Analysis in the US Treasury Department during the Biden Administration.

Inflation and the Fed 

Alongside his tariff plans, Trump has also indicated that he would like “at least” a say over interest rates - which are currently set by the independent US central bank - and suggested he would look to deport millions of undocumented workers.

Economists at PIIE recently estimated that the combined effect of Trump’s plans for higher tariffs, mass deportation of undocumented workers, and greater control over Fed policy would slash US economic output by between 2.8 and 9.7 per cent in real terms by the end of his term in 2028.

Employment would also be hit, according to PIIE’s analysis, and inflation could reignite, peaking at 9.3 per cent in 2026 in a worst-case scenario - above the four-decade high it reached in 2022.

Taxes

The nonpartisan Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget (CRFB) estimates that Trump’s economic agenda could increase the national debt by as much as $15 trillion over a decade - almost twice as much as Kamala Harris’s plans would have done in a worst-case scenario.

A significant chunk of the additional costs come from Trump’s proposals to extend his tax cuts from 2017, which are set to expire next year.

But extending the Trump tax cuts would rely on Congressional support, where overall control of the House remains uncertain. Democrats have indicated that there are many parts of these plans they would not want to renew if they win back the House.

Overall, many of Trump’s policies could end up hurting some of the poorest in society, Margot Crandall-Hollick, principal research associate at the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, told AFP.

“I think a Trump presidency would probably provide pretty limited, if any, benefits for low income folks,” she said.

“And if you add the tariffs, which are going to increase the cost of goods that everyday people use, it would be a net negative for most low and moderate income folks,” she added.

(Except for the headline, this story has not been edited by Firstpost staff.)