Five years after killing Hong Kong's democracy, China continues crackdown on leftover freedoms

It’s been years since mass arrests all but silenced pro-democracy activism in Hong Kong. But a crackdown on dissent in the semi-autonomous Chinese city is still expanding, hitting restaurants, bookstores and other small businesses.

Shops and eateries owned by people once associated with the largely subdued pro-democracy movement are feeling a tightening grip through increased official inspections, anonymous complaint letters, and other regulatory checks.

Those critical of the city’s political changes say it’s a less visible side of a push to silence dissent that began five years ago when Beijing imposed a national security law to crush challenges to its rule, under which opposition politicians were jailed and pro-democracy newspaper Apple Daily was shuttered.

China said the law was necessary for the city’s stability following anti-government protests in 2019.

In 2024, the city passed its own national security law, which has been used to jail people for actions like writing pro-independence messages on the back of bus seats and wearing a T-shirt carrying a protest slogan that authorities deemed could imply the separation of Hong Kong from China, a red line for Beijing.

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In recent weeks, food authorities sent letters to restaurants warning that their business licenses could be revoked if the government deems them to be endangering national security or public interest.

Frequent inspections

Leticia Wong, a former pro-democracy district councilor who now runs a bookstore, says her shop is frequently visited by food and hygiene inspectors, the fire department or other authorities over complaints about issues like hosting events without a license. It happens most often around June 4, the anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre.

Her records show government authorities took measures against her shop some 92 times between July 2022 and June 2025, including inspecting her shop, conspicuously patrolling outside, or sending letters warning her of violations. She has been studying regulations to protect herself from accidentally breaking them.

“Some areas look trivial — and they really are — but they still have the power to make you face consequences,” she said.

In an emailed reply to The Associated Press, the fire department said it conducted checks at Wong’s business following multiple complaints this year. Wong’s bookstore passed most of them but still faces enforcement action for failing to provide valid certificates for two fire extinguishers and its emergency lighting system, it said.

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Other small business owners described similar experiences.

A bakery that put up pro-democracy decorations during the 2019 protests saw food authorities’ inspections jump from quarterly to monthly over the past one to two years, mostly over labeling complaints. Its owner, who asked to remain anonymous fearing government retribution, said the frequent inspections made running the business a struggle.

A restaurant owner who received the notice of the newly added terms on possible license revocation over national security violations said he doesn’t know what could be considered a violation and fears one wrong move could cost his staff their jobs. He spoke on the condition of anonymity, fearing potential impact on his business partners and employees.

Food authorities said inspections follow the law, information and public complaints. They maintained that the new national security conditions for food business licenses were clearly defined and would not affect law-abiding operators.

The Hong Kong Chief Executive’s office has not immediately commented.

Anonymous denunciations

Others say they have lost opportunities after anonymous letters were sent to employers or business partners.

Wong said an anonymous letter sent to an organization that had planned an event at her shop prompted them to cancel the booking. Separately, she lost a freelance job after a funder demanded that a social enterprise not hire her without a specific reason.

Her landlord also received an anonymous letter warning them not to rent the space to her.

“I feel that this society is working very hard — that is, within the system, under the official system, working very hard to reject me, or to make my life difficult,” Wong said.

Chan Kim-kam, another former district councilor, says she lost both a part-time job and a role in a play after the people she worked for were pressured. A school where she taught sociology part-time asked her to leave after it received a letter claiming that she made a student uncomfortable.

The letter, which was written in the simplified Chinese characters used in mainland China but less prominently in Hong Kong, included links to news reports about her arrest under the homegrown national security law last year, though she was never charged.

Meanwhile, the city’s Leisure and Cultural Services Department told her drama group to replace her or lose their venue, she said.

“I think it’s really such a pity. When the culture of reporting people has become so intense, it destroys the trust between people,” she said.

Cultural authorities, declining to discuss specific bookings, said all their venue bookings were managed under established procedures.

Rule of law in question

Hong Kong leader John Lee has said the security law upholds the rule of law principle and only an extremely small portion of people were targeted. He noted 332 people have been arrested for offenses related to national security, about 66 each year on average, or 0.2% of the police’s annual arrest figures. Still, he warned of persisting soft resistance, saying “the streets are full of petty people.”

Local broadcaster i-Cable News said national security guidelines would be issued to government workers. Secretary for Security Chris Tang told the broadcaster that even a cleaner should report words endangering national security, if any are found during their job.

But Eric Lai, a research fellow at Georgetown Center for Asian Law, said Hong Kong is using regulatory powers to monitor and regulate dissent without checks and balances. Local courts were unable to check the powers granted to the government under the security laws, he said.

It fits a common pattern among undemocratic governments like mainland China, he said. In many cases across the border, law enforcement officers frequently harass and surveil dissenters without formal charges.

“It tells the world that the so-called rule of law in Hong Kong is only a facade of rule by men,” he said.

Outside a court on Jun. 12, members of the pro-democracy party League of Social Democrats protested against their convictions over street booth activities with a banner that says “rule of law in name, silencing voices in reality.”

They were fined for collecting money without a permit and displaying posters without approval. The judge said freedom of expression was not absolute and restrictions could be imposed to maintain public order.

On Sunday, the party announced it had dissolved, citing immense political pressure and consideration of consequences for its members, months after the city’s biggest pro-democracy party announced to move toward disbandment. Its chairperson Chan Po-ying wiped away tears at the news conference.

“In the past, the government said it focused on a small portion of people. Now, it includes various kinds of people in Hong Kong, ordinary residents,” she said.

(This is an agency copy. Except for the headline, the copy has not been edited by Firstpost staff.)