Chinese economy on shaky ground in first two months of 2025, data shows

China’s economy charted an uneven trajectory in the first two months of the year, a slew of key indicators showed Monday, muddying Beijing’s drive to boost flagging consumption.

Officials have looked in recent months to revive confidence in the world’s second-largest economy, which has been beset by persistent property sector woes and is now under increasing pressure from fresh trade tensions with the United States.

Data from Beijing’s National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) on Monday offered some positive signs, showing retail sales – a key measure of consumer sentiment – increased four percent year-on-year during January and February combined.

However, data also showed that unemployment rose, while housing prices continued to fall in most major cities.

“In the first two months, with the sustained effects of macro policies, the national economy maintained the new and positive development,” the NBS said in a statement.

More from World

Global CEOs set to meet Xi Jinping as China pushes ‘open for business’ message China holds nuclear talks with Russia and Iran as Tehran rejects Trump’s offer as ‘deception’

But, it warned, “domestic effective demand is weak, (and) some enterprises face difficulties in production and operation”.

“The foundation for sustained economic recovery and growth is not strong enough,” it said.

The surveyed urban unemployment rate – China’s main metric for measuring how many are out of work – rose to 5.4 percent in February, the NBS said, up 0.2 percentage points from the previous month.

That was above the 5.1 percent forecast by Bloomberg and was the highest recorded in two years.

And, in a worrying sign for the property sector, an NBS price index for new commercial homes decreased year-on-year in 68 of 70 large and medium cities during February.

Impact Shorts

More Shorts

‘The cries of this widow will echo’: In first public remarks, Erika Kirk warns Charlie’s killers they’ve ‘unleashed a fire’

Trump urges Nato to back sanctions on Russia, calls for 50–100% tariffs on China

- ‘Mixed messages’ -

China’s statistics authorities combine many economic indicators for the first two months of the year to account for potential distortions caused by the annual Lunar New Year holiday.

Industrial production in January and February also rose 5.9 percent year-on-year, data showed, slowing from the 6.2 percent growth in December.

Beijing said this month it is targeting total growth this year of five percent – the same as last year and a goal considered ambitious by many economists.

Faced with an intensified trade war under US President Donald Trump, Chinese officials are now under pressure to boost domestic consumption to reduce the economy’s traditional reliance on exports.

Since taking office in January, Trump has slapped tariffs amounting to a 20 percent hike on Chinese overseas shipments, which last year reached record levels.

“The international environment will become more complex and severe in the next stage,” NBS spokesman Fu Linghui told a news conference after Monday’s data release.

“But the general trend of international cooperation and common wins will not change,” Fu said.

The government released an action plan on Sunday it hopes can overcome low consumer demand, including measures such as property reform and childcare subsidies.

“The macro data released today show mixed messages,” said Zhiwei Zhang, president and chief economist at Pinpoint Asset Management.

Activity data on industrial production and retail sales showed “consistent signals and beat expectations”, he wrote, although the rise in unemployment to its highest level in two years was “unexpected”.

“Unemployment is often a lagging indicator, hence it may improve if more proactive fiscal policy helps to keep the activity buoyant in coming months,” Zhang said.

“The risk to the economy is the damage from higher US tariffs on China’s exports which will likely show up in the trade data over the next few months.”