China hosts foreign naval officials for biennial conference amid South China Sea

On Sunday, the Chinese Navy began a biennial conference of senior foreign naval officers in the port city of Qingdao, in a display of military diplomacy that will be widely monitored for signs of increased cooperation between China and the United States.

The four-day gathering, which will feature delegates from 30 nations, comes at a time when tensions in the South China Sea are rising, with US treaty partner Manila at odds with Beijing over the key waterway, which might become a flashpoint in US-China ties.

Pacific Fleet Commander Admiral Stephen Koehler will represent the United States at the Western Pacific Naval Symposium, according to a person familiar with the situation. According to official media, other countries’ delegations include Australia, France, India, South Korea, Russia, and the United Kingdom.

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On Monday, participants will attend closed-door discussions and workshops on themes such as maritime security problems. They will also talk about the Code for Unplanned Encounters at Sea, a set of principles developed a decade ago to de-escalate tensions between forces at sea. It has not subsequently been modified to include drone warfare.

A preliminary meeting in January explored forming a working group to prevent drone crashes at sea, according to official media.

The event coincides with the annual United States-Philippines large-scale joint military manoeuvres, which begin on Monday and will take place beyond Philippine territorial seas for the first time.

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Tensions are particularly high around the Second Thomas Shoal in the South China Sea, where Manila has accused Beijing of “harassment”, including the use of water cannons against Philippine vessels.

The United States, Japan and the Philippines signed a cooperation agreement at a trilateral summit last week, where leaders expressed concerns over China’s “dangerous and aggressive behaviour” in the South China Sea, which Beijing slammed as “bloc politics”.

“The U.S.-Philippines joint drills this time cover a bigger region, involve more troops and include exercises out of its original defensive scope such as anti-submarine and anti-missile drills,” said Cao Weidong, a military expert and former researcher at China’s PLA Naval Military Studies Research Institute.

“It is not an issue when the U.S. carries out defensive drills with the Philippines, but when these drills become offensive in nature and pose a threat to neighbouring countries, we must not only be on high alert but also respond.”

However, Washington and China resumed top-level military contact on Tuesday, with Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin speaking to his Chinese counterpart for the first time in almost two years, as both countries seek to restore military ties. This month, U.S. and Chinese military officials met in Hawaii.

China is hosting the multilateral meeting for the first time since 2014, coinciding this year with the 75th anniversary of the People’s Liberation Army Navy on Tuesday.

Beijing aims to expand its ocean-going fleet, which some analysts predict will become the world’s biggest by 2035. President Xi Jinping has repeatedly called for a “world-class” military to be established by 2027, the 100th anniversary of the People’s Liberation Army’s founding.

China has yet to launch sea trials for its next aircraft carrier, the Fujian, a key step toward expanding its maritime presence in the Indo-Pacific, as the United States and its allies step up naval operations in the region.

China is involved in maritime or territorial disputes with other attending countries, including Japan. Beijing and Tokyo have accused each other of maritime incursions after a December coast guard confrontation near disputed islands in the East China Sea.

In November, Australia accused China of injuring navy divers using sonar pulses from a Chinese warship.

During the Qingdao meeting, the navy opened several active Chinese warships docked in Qingdao for public visits, including the Guiyang and Shijiazhuang missile destroyers. On a recent guided tour, Reuters journalists saw weapons systems and rescue equipment. Children excitedly posed for photos with missile launchers.

The symposium was last held in Japan in November 2022. Japan, South Korea and the United States met on the sidelines to discuss security challenges in the Indo-Pacific region, including those from North Korea.