Will humans be able to grow young again after study makes reverse ageing possible in mice?

What if ageing was reversible in humans? If the idea is unimaginable, then here is some astonishing news for you. While humans cannot reverse the clock on their age (yet), scientists in the United States have made mice young again. The study published on 12 January in the journal Cell has revealed that changes in DNA are not the only factors behind ageing. “We believe ours is the first study to show epigenetic change as a primary driver of ageing in mammals,” the paper’s senior author, David Sinclair, professor of genetics at the Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School and co-director of the Paul F Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, said. How was the study conducted and what claims does it make? Let’s take look. Role of epigenetics in ageing Before delving into the study, let’s make a sense of some terms. “Epigenetics is the study of how cells control gene activity without changing the DNA sequence,” says Medicine Plus wesbite. It is like a “cell’s operating system, telling it how to use the same genetic material differently,” co-first author of the study, Jae-Hyun Yang – who is a research fellow in genetics in the Sinclair lab – said as per Harvard Medical School article. Epigenes are proteins and chemicals that dictate the gene “what to do, where to do it, and when to do it,” according to the National Human Genome Research Institute. The “modifications that regulate the activity (expression) of the genes” are epigenomes, which turn genes on and off. This process can set off by a person’s diet, behaviours like smoking, and exposure to pollutants and environmental toxins. [caption id=“attachment_11983732” align=“alignnone” width=“640”] Scientists have found that changes in DNA are not the factor behind ageing. Pixabay (Reprtesentational Image)[/caption] “The cellular process becomes corrupted as more DNA is broken or damaged,” Sinclair told CNN. “The cell panics, and proteins that normally would control the genes get distracted by having to go and repair the DNA”. “Then they don’t all find their way back to where they started, so over time it’s like a Ping-Pong match, where the balls end up all over the floor,” the author was quoted as saying by CNN. ALSO READ: What’s your Ageotype? The science of why some people look younger than they are ICE mice Sinclair found that not only was it possible to increase the rate at which mice age but also back-pedal the effects of that ageing. This challenges the scientific belief that the main driver of ageing is genetic mutations to the DNA. “If the cause of ageing was because a cell became full of mutations, then age reversal would not be possible,” he said, as per Time magazine. “But by showing that we can reverse the ageing process, that shows that the system is intact, that there is a backup copy and the software needs to be rebooted.”

Sinclair accelerated ageing in mice without causing mutations or cancer.

He along with his Harvard team has been able to age tissues in the brain, eyes, muscle, skin and kidneys of mice, as per CNN. For this, they came up with ICE or inducible changes to the epigenome. They made temporary, fast-healing cuts in the DNA of lab mice that mimicked the daily damage from sunlight and certain chemicals. ICE did not change the coding sections of the mice’s DNA that can lead to mutations but altered the way DNA is folded. As time passed, scientists observed that one-year-old ICE mice started looking and acting twice their age, reported CNN. Reversing ageing Gene therapy was used to overturn the epigenetic changes triggered by scientists. It involved a cocktail of three genes that are active in stem cells and can aid in reprogramming mature cells to an earlier state. Sinclair Lab geneticist Yuancheng Lu mixed three of Yamanaka factors – a set of genes discovered in 2006 by Nobel scientist Shinya Yamanaka that can take back adult cells to their embryonic, stem cell state so their development can restart, Times noted. The gene “therapy set in motion an epigenetic programme that led cells to restore the epigenetic information they had when they were young,” Sinclair said, adding “it’s a permanent reset.” The cocktail of genes was helpful in restoring most of the eyesight of blind mice. As per the study, brain, muscle and kidney cells were also reinstated to their much younger levels, CNN reported. [caption id=“attachment_11983742” align=“alignnone” width=“640”] The reverse ageing process was done multiple times on mice. AFP (Representational Image)[/caption] “One of our breakthroughs was to realize that if you use this particular set of three pluripotent stem cells, the mice don’t go back to age zero, which would cause cancer or worse,” Sinclair was quoted as saying by CNN. “Instead, the cells go back to between 50 per cent and 75 per cent of the original age, and they stop and don’t get any younger, which is lucky. How the cells know to do that, we don’t yet understand,” he added. The team concluded from their experiments that “by manipulating the epigenome, ageing can be driven forwards and backwards,” Yang said, as per the Harvard article. ALSO READ: Changes in gut microbiome could predict healthy ageing and longevity, new study claims Can this be possible in humans? Sinclair said his team has reversed age in mice by resetting the cells in mice on many occasions, adding that they are now testing the genetic reset in primates. However, it will take years before anti-ageing clinical trials can even begin in humans. Sinclair hoped that the study will inspire other scientists to examine how ageing can be controlled to prevent age-related illnesses in humans, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and so on. He said this is just the first step in “redefining what it means to age”. “We don’t understand how rejuvenation really works, but we know it works,” the genetics professor told Time. “We can use it to rejuvenate parts of the body and hopefully make medicines that will be revolutionary. Now, when I see an older person, I don’t look at them as old, I just look at them as someone whose system needs to be rebooted. It’s no longer a question of if rejuvenation is possible, but a question of when.” With inputs from agencies Read all the  Latest News,  Trending News,  Cricket News,  Bollywood News, India News and  Entertainment News here. Follow us on  Facebook,  Twitter and  Instagram.