China to start work on one of world’s most ambitious railway lines. Why India is watching closely

China will soon begin construction of a railway line that will link Xinjiang and Tibet, running close to its Line of Actual Control (LAC) with India. The ambitious project has been in development for many years.

It is one of China’s biggest railway projects. A section of the planned railway line is expected to go through the disputed Aksai Chin region, which is likely to raise hackles in New Delhi.

Let’s take a closer look.

China’s planned Xinjiang-Tibet railway line

China’s Xinjiang-Tibet railway line is expected to cross from Aksai Chin and close to the G219 national highway, near the Line of Actual Control.

The railway line will connect Hotan in Xinjiang to Shigatse in Tibet, joining with the existing Lhasa-Shigatse line, reported the South China Morning Post (SCMP).

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This will form a nearly 2,000 km strategic artery that will link northwestern and southwestern China.

As per reports, the first section of this line will be from Shigatse to Pakhuktso. The railway line is likely to pass through Rutog and around Pangong Lake on the Chinese side of the LAC.

“This ambitious project aims to establish a 5,000 km plateau rail framework centred on Lhasa by 2035,” Hubei-based Huayuan Securities said in a research note last week.

The route will have an average elevation of more than 4,500 metres, running through the Kunlun, Karakoram, Kailash and Himalayan mountain ranges.

The construction of the railway line will face challenges, as it will pass through glaciers, frozen rivers and permafrost. The ambitious project is part of Beijing’s plan to connect Tibet with the rest of the country.

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China already has three railway lines linking Tibet: the Qinghai-Tibet line, the Lhasa-Shigatse line, and the Lhasa-Nyingchi line.

The Lhasa-Nyingchi line goes to Tibet’s southeast, and close to the border with Arunachal Pradesh.

The planning for the Xinjiang-Tibet line began in 2008, when it was made a part of the revised “Medium and Long-Term Railway Network Plan”, which was approved by the National Development and Reform Commission, China’s top economic planner.

The link was to be included in a network connecting Tibet’s Lhasa to the Chinese mainland, Yunnan and Chengdu to the East and Xinjiang in the West.

In May 2022, survey and design tenders for the Hotan-Shigatse section were launched.

The Chinese transport ministry in April 2025 said that the Xinjiang-Tibet railway line is one of the 45 major projects, where construction is expected to begin this year.

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Company set up to oversee construction

China has launched a state-owned company to supervise the construction and operations of the railway line that will connect Hotan in Xinjiang and Lhasa in Tibet, SCMP reported, citing the Shanghai Securities News.

The Xinjiang-Tibet Railway Company has been registered with a capital of 95 billion yuan ($13.2 billion) and is wholly owned by China State Railway Group.

The new company’s scope includes construction, production of railway transportation equipment, real estate development and operations. It will also develop tourist facilities, according to Economic Times. 

Why India would be wary of Xinjiang-Tibet line

The possibility of the Xinjiang-Tibet railway line passing through Aksai Chin is concerning for India. Both countries claim the region, with China saying that it is part of Xinjiang.

However, this is a false claim. China captured Aksai Chin in the 1950s and bolstered its military grip over the area during the 1962 India-China war.

The two countries went to war at the time over the region due to the construction of G219, resulting in thousands dead on both sides. Aksai Chin remains a disputed region between India and China.

General JJ Singh (retired), former chief of Army staff, wrote for The Week in 2023, “China is very sensitive to any threat posed to its strategic artery.”

Aksai Chin is a strategic artery that would help China to move its troops closer to the LAC, a big worry for India.

The development comes as India and China work to improve relations after the 2020 Galwan Valley clashes near the LAC. They are holding talks to ease border tensions.

With inputs from agencies