 "Sweden bids farewell to over two centuries of 'neutrality' as it prepares to join NATO")
Sweden’s last war ended in 1814, and when the rifles and cannons it aimed at Norway fell silent, the once-warring power would not take up arms again.
Sweden adopted a policy of neutrality over the next 200 years, declining to join any military alliances or take sides in conflicts. It was a policy that maintained domestic harmony and helped the nation grow into a thriving welfare state and global leader in humanitarianism.
With Sweden’s entry into NATO, this extraordinary period of nonalignment is coming to an end. After eighteen months of waiting while Turkey and Hungary delayed ratification and demanded concessions from other alliance members, the ceremonial formalities are finally about to take place.
“Sweden is now leaving 200 years of neutrality and nonalignment behind us,” Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson said after Hungary’s Parliament gave its approval Monday, overcoming the final hurdle. “It is a big step. We must take that seriously. But it is also a very natural step that we are taking.”
Sweden had long since decided against applying to join NATO, much like its neighbor Finland. That all changed almost instantly in February 2022 when Russia began its invasion of Ukraine. As Russia gained progress on the battlefield in Ukraine, suspicions of Moscow’s resurrected imperial ambitions have intensified throughout Europe as a result of the attack.
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More Shorts“It’s the right path for us,” said Jacob Frederiksen, a 24-year-old pilot, who like many Swedes has embraced NATO membership amid the breakdown of the post-World War II order that largely kept the peace for decades. “I think in this new era, it’s better to be part of an alliance than being independent and neutral.”
The invasion “had a shock effect on Swedish political life,” said Henrik Ekengren Oscarsson, a political scientist at the University of Goteborg. He analyzed polling data showing that support for NATO membership surged from 35% in 2021 to 64% after the invasion.
“It was the largest and fastest shift in opinion that has so far been measured in Swedish political history,” Ekengren Oscarsson wrote.
Still, new anxieties come with being part of an alliance amid rising tensions between Russia and the West.
Ulrika Eklund, a 55-year-bank employee in Stockholm, said she feels uncertainty about being in NATO and the effect it will have on Sweden. But she understands why the step has been taken with “so much going on in the world and in Europe.”
The early 19th century, when Europe was engulfed in the Napoleonic wars, is the period during which Sweden’s turn towards neutrality originated.
Even though Sweden ultimately prevailed in conflicts with France’s warrior-emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, any hopes of Sweden maintaining its position as a major power were dashed when it lost territory in Finland to Russia years earlier.
After gaining Norway, the strategy sought to advance Sweden as a nation while avoiding the conflicts of the other powers. Robert Dalsjö, a senior analyst of the Swedish Defence Research Agency, stated, “And that’s what we did.”
According to Dalsjö, the pacifist policy helped Sweden develop and placed it on the path to becoming a modern nation after it was considered “one of the poorest and most backward countries in Europe in the early 19th century.”
Swedish neutrality was proclaimed in 1834 by King Karl XIV John as the nation adapted to its new circumstances. He pleaded for respect for Sweden’s desire to remain neutral in their disputes in a letter to the courts of Britain and Russia.
Preserved in the Swedish National Archives and considered the oldest document on Sweden’s neutrality, the text reads: “We will request, as we do now, to stay totally outside of this struggle, and that Sweden and Norway, by keeping a strict neutrality towards the warring parties, can deserve, by our impartial conduct, respect and the appreciation of our system.”
Along the way, Sweden’s neutrality was tested — particularly during World War II, when it made concessions to Germany to stay out of war.
“The Second World War was a near-death experience for Sweden,” Dalsjö said.
Many Swedes believed they remained at peace due to their neutrality, he said, but in reality “we were flexible in our application of neutrality: early in the war, making concessions to the Germans and later in the war, making concessions to the allies.”
During the Cold War, when Sweden and Finland were buffer countries between NATO and the Warsaw Pact alliance, many Swedes — and Finns — felt that being outside either bloc was the best way to avoid tensions with Russia, the powerful eastern neighbor in the Baltic Sea region.
But that never meant a full embrace of pacifism. In the 1950s and ’60s, Sweden had the fourth-largest air force in the world and the ability to mobilize around 800,000 men, including reservists, in case of war, said Andreas Ohlsson, curator at the Swedish Army Museum.
“Being neutral is not being naive. It’s actually a way of thinking that we have to be self-dependent if the war comes,” Ohlsson said.
As the years passed, the idea of Sweden as a voice for peace and nuclear nonproliferation became core to Sweden’s identity. The home of the Nobel Prize institutions funded foreign aid programs, took part in peacekeeping missions abroad and relied on its neutral status to act as a mediator in regional conflicts around the globe.
Olof Palme, Sweden’s prime minister in the 1970s, described Sweden as a moral superpower that should “become active in situations where other countries, as a result of their foreign policy stance, have been incapable of engagement.”
Fears of Russia’s military power stretch back centuries and lasted into the twilight years of the Cold War. In 1981, a Soviet submarine ran aground in the Stockholm archipelago, coming close to the main Swedish naval base. Tense days followed.
After the Cold War, fears diminished, and Sweden cut back on defense spending. But in recent years, Sweden has invested more in its military and built up contacts with NATO, participating in training with the alliance.
A key catalyst was Russia’s annexation of Ukraine’s Crimean Peninsula in 2014.
In 2017, Sweden brought back conscription. The next year, a regiment on Sweden’s strategically important Baltic Sea island of Gotland, northwest of the Russian territory of Kaliningrad, was reestablished after being disbanded in 2005.
Over time for Sweden — clearly rooted in the West and a member of the European Union since 1995 — the word “nonalignment” became more apt than “neutrality.”
“For 30 years, we have edged away from the pure-hearted neutrality that was never so pure, to an alliance position,” Dalsjö said. “And you might say that we finally consummate it by joining NATO.”
(With agency inputs)
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