What starts in the Amazon doesn’t stay there: Wildfires are melting Andes glaciers

By Liz Kimbrough  Fires in the Amazon may be melting Andean mountain glaciers at an increased rate, according to  a study published in Scientific Reports. Smoke plumes billow from Amazon forest fires and travel with the wind, carrying aerosols such as black carbon to settle upon the surfaces of mountain glaciers, darkening snow. As a result, the snow’s albedo — the amount of light and radiation reflected from the surface — is reduced as absorption is increases. With less sunlight reflected, the glacial energy balance is disrupted and the glacier melts more rapidly. [caption id=“attachment_7851011” align=“alignnone” width=“1280”] Aerial view of burned areas in the Amazon rainforest, in the city of Porto Velho, Rondônia state. Image credit: Victor Moriyama / Greenpeace[/caption] “What we found in our study was that for the tropical Andean glaciers, the main source of black carbon is the Amazon biomass burning. And that the black carbon content in snow due to Amazon fires is sufficient to cause melting,” study lead author Dr. Newton de Magalhães Neto of Brazil’s Rio de Janeiro State University, told Mongabay. The phenomenon may be relatively new, as the Amazon rainforest historically was too wet to burn significantly; climate change coupled with deforestation has caused it to grow  increasingly dryer over recent years. The research team used data from past fire events, precipitation, glacial melting and the movement of smoke plumes from the southwestern Amazon to model effects on glacial melting, specifically for the  Bolivian Zongo Glacier. The research focused on black carbon deposition in 2007 and 2010, years when fires surpassed the devastating levels seen in 2019. According to the researchers’ model, both black carbon and dust in low concentrations (10 parts per million) on the surface of the snow can increase annual melting on the glacier by three to four percent separately, or by six to eight percent in combination. Higher levels of dust (100ppm) can increase annual glacial melting by 12-14 percent when combined with black carbon. “For us that was not a big surprise. We already knew that in Greenland, surface melting occurs not only due to greenhouse gases warming, but also due to surface deposition of black carbon,” said de Magalhães Neto. “Greenland receives large amounts of black carbon of fossil fuel origin due to North American and European industrialization, boreal forest burning from Canada, and from coal use in Russia, and black carbon plays a key role in the surface melting process.” To make the same connection in the tropics, however, the researchers had to prove that smoke plumes from the southwestern Amazon could reach the altitude of Andean tropical glaciers. The team did this by using  CALIPSO (a satellite which utilizes lidar, infrared and imaging analyses to evaluate clouds). CALIPSO could verify that a plume of smoke containing the same aerosol composition was appearing over both the Amazon basin and Andean mountains. [caption id=“attachment_7996391” align=“alignnone” width=“1000”] The Zongo Glacier, analyzed in this study, sits atop Bolivia’s Huanya Potosi Mountain.[/caption] Deforestation is  on the rise in the Amazon, and the rainforest drying trend is ongoing, which raises the potential for increased fires in future. However, the quantity of fire emissions isn’t the only contributor to the darkening of Andes glaciers. How easily black carbon can travel from the Amazon to the mountains, according to de Magalhães Neto, is also a consideration. Changes in the atmosphere could mean more efficient transport of dust and carbon to glacial surfaces. “It is difficult to predict what this year’s [2019] fires mean for melting without modelling the process for this year and measuring black carbon on the glaciers,” said de Magalhães Neto. The most important [concept] is to have in mind that such an impact does exist.” A  survey of other tropical Andean glaciers found that nearly half of all glacial area has vanished since 1975, with over 80 percent disappearing in areas below 5,000 meters (16,404 feet). Current models predicting the response of Andean glaciers to climate change do not include the contributions of black carbon and dust to melting — meaning that their melt rate could be higher than expected.

  “Know that the most important cause of glaciers melting in the Andes is climate change (mainly atmospheric warming due to greenhouse gases). Amazonian fires act as an extra forcing that aggravates the situation,” said de Magalhães Neto. “A joint policy of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and stopping deforestation and fires would be the most effective way to mitigate the ongoing melting of glaciers.” However, implementing such mitigation efforts now while Brazil’s President Jair Bolsonaro is in office, pushing his anti-environmental policies, seems unlikely. Communities and ecosystems downstream from glaciers rely on glacial melt as a source of freshwater, especially during dry seasons and times of drought. Increased glacial melting may disrupt the hydrological balance and could have disastrous implications for the freshwater resources in regions already faced with water insecurity in the Andes Amazon. “First, an initial increase in glacier water discharge is expected as a result of the increased melting. However, the melting of the glaciers will reach a point where the discharge will begin to decrease,” explained de Magalhães Neto. This “will result in a water deficit to the ecosystem, which can cause future declines of agriculture, potable water and power generation for people that live in the arid regions of the western Andes and result in a water crisis.” How quickly or soon such a crisis might occur isn’t yet known. This article was  originally published on Mongabay.com. Mongabay-India is an environmental science and conservation news service. This article has been republished under the Creative Commons licence.