Brain region associated with decision making also determines consciousness: Study

Scientists, including one of Indian-origin, have found that a brain region — associated with cognitive behaviours, decision making, and moderating social behaviour — determines our overall level of consciousness. The study, conducted on rats, provided evidence that the prefrontal cortex has a switchboard-like relationship with other areas of the brain, helping to ignite awareness of visual information. “The study suggests that the prefrontal cortex has the potential to play a role in coordinating the level of consciousness,” said George Mashour from the University of Michigan. The results could also be explored for applications in people with disorders of consciousness, such as coma or vegetative states.

“It’s very difficult and dangerous to directly intervene at the level of arousal centres in the brainstem because of its location, small size, and nearby vital functions. “Maybe the prefrontal cortex is an accessible gateway to some of those other arousal systems that could be leveraged in a clinical setting outside of anesthesia,” he said. In the study, published in the journal Current Biology, the team gave anesthetised rats with a common anesthetic used in humans and exposed their prefrontal and parietal lobe — a brain region associated with processing sensory information and interpreting visual information — to drugs that ramped up the effect of neurotransmitters and measured their brain activity and behaviour. To see what had the causal power to take an unconscious brain receiving ongoing anesthesia and wake it up, the team targeted two neurotransmitters that are associated with wakefulness: acetylcholine and norepinephrine, said Dinesh Pal, from the varsity. The findings showed that when exposed to an acetylcholine-receptor activator, the rats’ brain waves — normally slow during sleep and anesthesia — sped up. But rats were able to start behaving as though they were awake only with prefrontal cortex stimulation, all while continuing to receive the same level of anesthesia that is used clinically for surgery in humans.