Caster Semenya vs IAAF: What effect will Court of Arbitration for Sport's gender ruling have on athletics?

After two-time Olympic 800 metres champion Caster Semenya lost her legal challenge, the IAAF’s controversial rule regulating testosterone levels for women athletes will come into effect on 8 May. AFP assesses which athletes it governs, and for which competitions. [caption id=“attachment_6571571” align=“alignleft” width=“380”] Caster Semenya, foreground, competes in the women’s 800m final during the Diamond League in Doha on Friday. AP Photo[/caption] Is the season over for athletes concerned by ruling? Almost. The rule introduced by the International Association of Athletics Federations compels female runners in certain categories to cap their testosterone levels at five nanomoles per litre (nmol/L) of blood for fully six months before competing. The IAAF has made an exception for the World Championships in Doha that start on 27 September, with athletes who adhere to the rule from 8 May allowed to take part. Suggested read —  Caster Semenya wins 800m gold in Doha, says she will not take medication to lower testosterone after CAS ruling But athletes who have not anticipated this week’s verdict from the Lausanne-based Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) will arrive in Doha without the benefit of any official warm-up races. The IAAF told AFP that the exception made for the World Championships “does not apply to any of the other international competitions”, thus ruling out this season’s Diamond League meetings after Friday’s opener in Doha. The new rules apply to all international competitions — Olympics, Diamond League meetings, IAAF World Challenge events, and other less significant competitions. National championships are excluded. Suggested read —  With the verdict against Caster Semenya, CAS has ushered us into world of performance-reducing drugs Which athletes are concerned? The rule targets athletes with one of the seven “differences of sexual development” (DSD) listed by the IAAF. Intersex athletes are not concerned, only those with the X or Y chromosome. It governs female athletes with levels of testosterone of five nanomoles per litre (nmol/L) of blood or higher, with the IAAF saying they benefit from increased bone and muscle strength similar to men who have gone through puberty. Semenya is unlikely to be the only athlete affected. The two athletes who finished behind her in the Rio Olympics 800m, Francine Niyonsaba of Burundi and Kenya’s Margaret Wambui, have in the past also faced questions about their testosterone levels. Suggested read —  Believing that testosterone is a superhuman hormone is a masculinist myth Which events? The new rule applies to distances from 400m to a mile, and includes the heptathlon, which concludes with an 800m race. Will all athletes be tested? The IAAF is counting on athletes who think they may be concerned to contact the federation’s medical experts. The IAAF’s medical team have the right to investigate an athlete based on “good faith for reasonable reasons based on information from reliable sources” — in other words, from the athlete’s physical appearance. “Reliable sources” can be the athlete herself, a federation, but also anti-doping samples. Suggested read —  Caster Semenya's case reflects broader dilemmas facing sports world Is the affair over? No. Semenya is contemplating whether to lodge an appeal in the Swiss courts within 30 days. “We are looking at all the options,” one of Semenya’s lawyers, Gregory Nott, told AFP. “Perhaps other athletes are going to appeal, we cannot exclude other new cases,” CAS general secretary Matthieu Reeb said on Wednesday. Suggested read —  Dutee Chand says Caster Semenya was 'made to suffer', backs Olympic champion to overcome CAS ruling