Rare earths are a strategic resource for 21st century: India must capitalise on its potential

Rare earth elements (REEs), comprising 17 metallic elements, are vital for modern technologies such as electric vehicles, wind turbines, smartphones, and defence systems. Though not truly rare, their extraction and refining are complex. China dominates global production and processing, using this control as geopolitical leverage. Other nations, including the US, are seeking alternative supply chains to reduce dependence on China. India holds significant reserves but contributes less than 1% to global output due to limited processing capacity, outdated technology, and regulatory challenges. Strengthening India’s rare earth value chain is crucial for energy security, technological advancement, and strategic independence.