World Thyroid Day: Fatigue, hair loss, weight gain or anxiety? It could be your thyroid

The thyroid, a small, butterfly-shaped gland at the front of the neck, is a powerhouse organ responsible for orchestrating critical bodily functions, from metabolism and energy levels to mood and the health of vital organs like the heart and kidneys. Despite its pivotal role, thyroid disorders are alarmingly common, affecting over 45 million Indians, according to recent estimates.

Many overlook subtle symptoms, often mistaking them for stress or other common ailments, which can delay diagnosis and treatment. Firstpost spoke with Dr. Abhijit Bhograj, Consultant – Endocrinologist, Diabetes and Thyroid, Manipal Hospital Hebbal to know various aspects related to thyroid disorders, including their common types, symptoms, diagnosis, management and the role of lifestyle and early detection.

Common thyroid disorders?

Dr Bhograj: The two most common thyroid disorders are hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces insufficient hormones. It is the most prevalent thyroid condition in India. Symptoms include weight gain, fatigue, constipation, dry skin, thinning hair, irregular periods, body aches, joint pain, poor digestion, acidity, and constipation.

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Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, results from the overproduction of thyroid hormones. It causes weight loss despite normal food intake, a rapid heartbeat or palpitations, nervousness, heat intolerance, and more frequent bowel movements.

Other thyroid conditions include Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease—both autoimmune disorders—as well as structural issues like goiter, nodules, and thyroid cancer.

Early warning signs people often miss

Dr Bhograj: Many overlook symptoms like persistent tiredness or weight gain, attributing them to stress or a sedentary lifestyle. Hair thinning, dry skin, mood changes, and irregular menstrual cycles are frequently ignored. In children, poor growth and delayed puberty can be important indicators. Because thyroid hormones affect multiple systems in the body, symptoms are often mistaken for other health problems.

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Can lifestyle or diet help prevent thyroid issues?

Dr Bhograj: To some extent, yes. The government’s iodine deficiency control program, launched in 1984, made iodised salt mandatory, helping reduce thyroid disorders related to iodine deficiency.

Maintaining a balanced diet that includes iodine-rich foods such as iodized salt, dairy, and seafood is beneficial. Nutrients like selenium, zinc, and iron found in green vegetables also support thyroid health.

It is advisable to avoid extreme diets and not consume large amounts of raw cruciferous vegetables like cabbage and cauliflower, as they may interfere with iodine absorption. A well-rounded diet remains the best approach to support thyroid function.

Can it be managed if caught early?

Dr Bhograj: Absolutely. A simple blood test can detect thyroid hormone levels, and an ultrasound of the neck can identify structural abnormalities in the gland. If diagnosed early, thyroid disorders are highly manageable. With regular medication, most people can live completely normal lives.

Should people check their neck for thyroid swelling?

Dr Bhograj: Yes, though it’s best to have a doctor assess it during routine check-ups. At home, a self-examination can be done by standing in front of a mirror, tilting the head slightly back, and swallowing water or saliva. Look for any unusual swelling or bulge just below the Adam’s apple. If anything appears abnormal, a medical evaluation is recommended. Most swellings are benign but still require proper attention.

Who should be more vigilant about screening?

Dr Bhograj: Women planning pregnancy and individuals with a family history of thyroid or autoimmune disorders should undergo screening. People with type 1 diabetes and vitiligo are also at increased risk and should be tested annually.

Children with poor growth or developmental delays, and teenagers experiencing weight gain without corresponding height gain or delayed puberty, should also be evaluated.

How does the thyroid affect mental health?

Dr Bhograj: Low levels of thyroid hormones can lead to depression, brain fog, memory difficulties, and trouble concentrating. Conversely, an overactive thyroid may cause anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia. Treating thyroid imbalances often leads to significant improvement or even complete resolution of these symptoms.

What are the latest updates in thyroid cancer care?

Dr Bhograj: Although thyroid cancer accounts for only 1–2% of all cancers in India, it is among the most treatable. New molecular tests now help doctors determine whether a thyroid lump requires surgery. Advances in imaging, surgical techniques, and targeted therapies have significantly improved treatment. In most early-stage cases, surgery followed by radioactive iodine therapy offers excellent outcomes, with some of the highest cure rates among all cancers.