Why more children are developing allergies and how parents can reduce the risks

Childhood allergies are on the rise globally, with food and dust sensitivities becoming increasingly common among young children. According to the World Health Organisation and studies published in medical journals, urbanisation, environmental pollution, and reduced early-life microbial exposure are key drivers behind this surge. The “hygiene hypothesis” suggests that overly sanitised environments prevent proper immune system development, leaving children more vulnerable to allergic reactions.

Dr. Poonam Sidana, Director of Neonatology & Paediatrics at CK Birla Hospital, Delhi, highlighted the role of the hygiene hypothesis in the increasing prevalence of allergies. “Overly sanitised environments limit a child’s early exposure to normal microbes. For immunity to develop properly, the body needs some microbial exposure to start making antibodies and building protective cells. When children grow up in excessively clean environments, their bodies are unprepared for real-world exposure, leading to abnormal reactions,” she explained.

Genetic factors can also play a role, as allergies sometimes run in families. Environmental pollutants further aggravate the issue, Dr. Sidana said. “Many household products contain chemicals that act as irritants. In cities like Delhi, high levels of air pollution exacerbate respiratory problems. Pesticides in food, hormones and antibiotics in animals, and even pollutants found in fetal circulation during pregnancy expose children to toxins early in life, increasing allergy risks.”

The timing and type of foods introduced to infants is another factor. While traditional guidance recommended cautious introduction of nuts and eggs, newer research suggests early introduction of diverse foods may help the immune system tolerate them better. However, the rise of processed and ready-to-eat foods, even those marketed as “healthy” or “chemical-free,” may also contribute to allergy cases.

Mode of delivery and early nutrition play a role as well. Babies born via caesarean sections miss exposure to the natural vaginal flora, which is important for developing a healthy gut microbiome. Delayed or lack of breastfeeding, along with early introduction of formula milk, have also been linked to higher allergy susceptibility.

Dr. Medha, pediatrician at Madhukar Rainbow Children’s Hospital, Delhi, echoed these concerns, emphasizing the impact of urbanization and changing diets. “Higher pollution levels, less exposure to natural surroundings, and limited contact with germs during early childhood weaken immune systems, making children more prone to allergies,” she said. Changes in diet, including higher consumption of processed foods and lower intake of fiber-rich natural foods, have further compounded the problem.

Both experts stressed the importance of early detection and management. Parents are advised to watch for symptoms such as frequent sneezing, rashes, or digestive problems after meals. Measures like regular check-ups, maintaining clean indoor air, and introducing a balanced diet early can help strengthen immunity and reduce allergy risks.

As urban lifestyles continue to evolve and environmental challenges persist, experts warn that proactive awareness and preventive care are key to mitigating the rising burden of childhood allergies.